After the Ratification of the Declaration of Independence Essay

After the ratification of the Declaration of Independence, establishing the â€Å"united colonies† as Free and Independent States, the Continental Congress set to work on the task of drawing up a document that would provide a legal framework for that Union, and which would be enforceable as the law of the new land. The Articles were written during the early part of the American Revolution by a committee of the Second Continental Congress of the now independent thirteen sovereign states. The head of the committee, John Dickinson, who had refused to sign he Declaration of Independence, nevertheless adhering to the will of the majority of the members of the Continental Congress, presented a report on the proposed articles to the Congress on July 12, 1776, eight days after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Dickinson initially proposed a strong central government, with control over the western lands, equal representation for the states, and the power to levy taxes. Because of their experience with Great Britain, the 13 states feared a powerful central government. Consequently, they changed Dickinson’s proposed articles rastically before they sent them to all the states for ratification in November 1777. The Continental Congress had been careful to give the states as much independence as possible. The Articles deliberately established a confederation of sovereign states, carefully specifying the limited functions of the federal government. Despite these precautions, several years passed before all the states ratified the articles. The delay resulted from preoccupation with the revolution and from disagreements among the states. These disagreements included quarrels over boundary lines, conflicting ecisions by state courts, differing tariff laws, and trade restrictions between states. The small states wanted equal representation with the large states in Congress, and the large states were afraid they would have to pay an excessive amount of money to support the federal government. In addition, the states disagreed over control of the western territories. The states with no frontier borders wanted the government to control the sale of these territories so that all the states profited. On the other hand, the states bordering the frontier wanted to control as much land as they could. Eventually the states agreed to give control of all western lands to the federal government, paving the way for final ratification of the articles on March 1, 1781, Just seven and a half months before the surrender of Lord Cornwallis and his British Army at Yorktown, October 19, 1781, the victory ended fighting in the War of Independence and virtually assured success to the American cause. Almost the entire war for five long years had been prosecuted by the members of the Second Continental Congress as representatives of a loose federation of states with no resources and reputations. Under the Articles, on paper, the Congress had power to regulate foreign affairs, war, and the postal service and to appoint military officers, control Indian affairs, borrow money, determine the value of coin, and issue bills of credit. In reality, however, the Articles gave the Congress no power to enforce its requests to the states for money or troops, and by the end of 1786 governmental effectiveness had broken down. Nevertheless, some solid accomplishments had been achieved: certain state claims to western lands were settled, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established the undamental pattern of evolving government in the territories north of the Ohio River. Equally important, the Confederation provided the new nation with instructive experience in self-government under a written document. In revealing their own weaknesses, the Articles paved the way for the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and the present form of U. S. government. The Articles were in force from March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789, when the present Constitution of the United States went into effect. During those years the 13 states were struggling to achieve their independent status, and the Articles of Confederation stood them in good stead in the process and exercise of learning self- government. The articles created a loose confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to a central government. The national government would consist of a single house of Congress, where each state would have one vote. Congress had the power to set up a postal department, to estimate the costs of the government and request donations from the states, to raise armed forces, and to control the development of the western territories. With the consent of nine of the thirteen states, Congress ould also coin, borrow, or appropriate money as well as declare war and enter into treaties and alliances with foreign nations. There was no independent executive and no veto of legislation. Judicial proceedings in each state were to be honored by all other states. The federal government had no judicial branch, and the only Judicial authority Congress had was the power to arbitrate disputes between states. Congress was denied the power to levy taxes; the new federal government was financed by donations from the states based on the value of each state’s lands. Any amendment to the articles required the unanimous approval of all 13 states. In attempting to limit the power of the central government, the Second Continental Congress created one without sufficient power to govern effectively, which led to serious national and international problems. The greatest weakness of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation was its inability to regulate trade and levy taxes. Sometimes the states refused to give the government the money it interstate commerce. The government could not pay off the debts it had incurred uring the revolution, including paying soldiers who had fought in the war and citizens who had provided supplies to the cause. Congress could not pass needed measures because they lacked the nine-state majority required to become laws. The states largely ignored Congress, which was powerless to enforce cooperation, and it was therefore unable to carry out its duties. After the Colonial victory in the Revolutionary War, it became obvious to the Founding Fathers that the original attempt would not be equal to the task of providing the equitable law which they sought. Congress could not force the states to adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 ending the American Revolution, which was humiliating to the new government, especially when some states started their own negotiations with foreign countries. In addition, the new nation was unable to defend its borders from British and Spanish encroachment because it could not pay for an army when the states would not contribute the necessary funds. Leaders like Alexander Hamilton of New York and James Madison of Virginia criticized the limits placed on the central government, and General George Washington is said o have complained that the federation was â€Å"little more than a shadow without substance. On February 21, 1787, Congress called for a Constitutional Convention to be held in May to revise the articles. Between May and September, the convention wrote the present Constitution for the United States, which retained some of the features of the Articles of Confederation but gave considerably more power to the federal government. The new Constitution provided for executive and Judicial branches of government, lacking in the Articles, and allowed the government to tax its citizens.

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 11

Angel's voice was taut but calm. (Pick up a pen from the counter. The black one's fine. Now-let go. Just relax and let me move it.) Gillian let go. It was a process she couldn't have described in words if she'd tried. But she watched, with a sort of fascinated horror, as her own hand began to draw on a small white invoice slip. It drew across the lines, in some kind of pattern. Unfortunately the pen seemed to be out of ink, so all Gillian could see was a faint scribble. (Show her the carbon copy.) Gillian peeled off the first sheet of paper. Underneath, in carbon, was her design. It looked like a flower-a dahlia. It was crudely colored in, as if it were meant to be dark. (What is it, Angel?) (A sort of password. Unless you know it, she's not going to let you buy what you need.) Melusine's face had changed. She was looking at Gillian with startled interest. â€Å"Unity,† she said. â€Å"I wondered about you when you came in. You've got the look-but I've never seen you before. Did you just move here?† (Say â€Å"Unity.† It's their greeting. And tell her that you're just passing through.) (Angel-is she a witch? Are there other witches around here? And how come I have to lie-) (She's getting suspicious!) The girl was looking at Gillian rather oddly. Like someone trying to catch a conversation. It scared Gillian. â€Å"Unity. No, I'm just visiting,† she said hastily. â€Å"And,† she added as Angel whispered, â€Å"I need the Dragon's Blood and, um, two wax figures. Female. And do you have any charged Selket powder?† Melusine settled back a little. â€Å"You belong to Circle Midnight.† She said it flatly. (Whaaaat? What's Circle Midnight? And how come she doesn't like me anymore?) (It's a sort of witch organization. Like a club. It's the one that does the kind of spells that you need to do right now.) (Aha. Bad spells, you mean.) (Powerful spells. In your case, necessary spells.) Melusine was scooting her chair behind the counter. For a moment Gillian wondered why she didn't get up, and then, as Melusine reached the edge of the counter, she understood. The chair was a wheelchair and Melusine's right leg was missing from the knee down. It didn't seem to hinder her, though. In a moment, she was scooting back with a couple of packets and a box in her lap. She put the box on the counter and took out two dolls made of dull rose-colored wax. One of the packets held chunks of what looked like dark red chalk, the other a peacock-green powder. She didn't look up as Gillian paid for the items. Gillian felt snubbed. â€Å"Unity,† she said formally, as she put her wallet away and gathered up her purchases. She figured if you said it for hello, you could say it for goodbye. Melusine's dark eyes flashed up at her intently and almost quizzically. Then she said slowly, â€Å"Merry part . . . and merry meet again.† It almost sounded like an invitation. (Well, I'm lost.) (Just say â€Å"Merry part† and get out of here, kid.) Outside, Gillian looked at the town square with new eyes. (The Witches of Woodbridge. So, are they, like, all over here? Do they own the Creamery and the hardware store, too?) (You're closer than you think. But we don't have time to stand around. You've got some spells to cast.) Gillian took one more look around the quiet tree-lined square, feeling herself standing in the bright air with her packages of spell ingredients. Then she shook her head. She turned to the car. Sitting in the middle of her bed with the bedroom door locked, Gillian contemplated her materials. The plastic bags of rock and powder, the dolls, and the hair she'd gathered from the brush in Macon's bathroom last night. Two or three strands of sun blond curls. Three or four long black glossy hairs. â€Å"And you don't need to tell me what they're for,† she said, looking at the air beside her. â€Å"It's voodoo time, huh?† â€Å"Smart girl.† Angel shimmered into being. â€Å"The hair is to personalize the dolls, to link them magically to their human counterparts. You've got to wind a hair around each doll, and name it out loud. Call it Tanya or Kimberlee.† Gillian didn't move. â€Å"Angel, look. When I got that hair, I had no idea why I was doing it. But when I saw those little wax figures-well, then I realized. And the way that girl Melusine looked at me. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"She has no idea what you're up against. Forget her.† â€Å"I'm just trying to get things straight, all right?† Hands clasped tightly in her lap, she looked at him. â€Å"I've never wanted to hurt people-well, all right, yes, I have. I've had those-those images or whatever at night, like seeing a giant foot splat down on my geometry teacher. But I don't really want to hurt people.† Angel looked patient. â€Å"Who said you were going to hurt them?† â€Å"Well, what's all this for?† â€Å"It's for whatever you want it to be for. Gillian, dragonfly, all these materials are just aids for a witch's natural powers. They're a way of focusing the power, directing it to a particular purpose. But what actually happens to Tanya and Kim depends on you. You don't have to hurt them. You just have to stop them.† â€Å"I just have to stop them from doing what they're planning to do.† Gillian's mind was already sparking into action. â€Å"And Tanya's planning to write letters. And Kim's planning to spread the word†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"So what if Tanya can't write letters? And if Kimberlee can't talk? It would be sort of†¦ poetic justice.† Angel's face was grave, but his eyes were glinting with mischief. Gillian bit her lip. â€Å"I think it would kill Kim not to talk!† â€Å"Oh, I bet she could live through it.† They were both laughing now. â€Å"So if she had, say, a bad sore throat†¦ and if Tanya's arm were paralyzed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gillian sobered. â€Å"Not paralyzed.† â€Å"I meant temporarily. Not even temporarily? All right, what about something else that could keep her from typing or holding a pen? How about a bad rash?† â€Å"A rash?† â€Å"Sure. An infection. One she'd have to keep bandaged up so she couldn't use her fingers. That would stop her for a while, until we can think of something else.† â€Å"A rash†¦ Yeah, that could work. That would be good.† Gillian took a quick breath and looked down at her materials. â€Å"Okay, tell me how to do it!† And Angel walked her through the strange process. She wound the dolls with hair and named them aloud. She rubbed them with crumbled Dragon's Blood, the dark red chalky stuff. Then she dabbed the hand of one and the throat of the other with the iridescent green Selket powder. â€Å"Now†¦ may I be given the power of the words of Hecate. It is not I who utter them, it is not I who repeat them; it is Hecate who utters them, it is she who repeats them.† (And who the heck's Hecate?) She sent the thought to Angel wordlessly, in case speaking aloud would ruin the spell. (Be quiet. Now concentrate. Pick up the Tanya doll and think Streptococcus pyogenes. That's a bacteria that'll give her a rash. Picture it in your mind. See the rash on the real Tanya.) There was a certain satisfaction in doing it. Gillian couldn't deny that, even to herself. She pictured Tanya's slim olive-skinned right hand, poised to sign a letter that would destroy David's future. Then she pictured itchy red bumps appearing, another hand scratching. Redness spreading across the skin. More itching. More scratching†¦ (Hey, this is fun!) Then she took care of the Kim doll. When she was finished, she put both dolls in a shoe box and put the shoe box under her bed. Then she stood up, flushed and triumphant. â€Å"It's over? I did it?† â€Å"You did it. You're a full-fledged witch now. Hecate's the Queen of the Witches, incidentally. Their ancient ruler. And she's special to you- you're descended in a direct line from her daughter Hellewise.† â€Å"I am?† Gillian stood a little straighter. She seemed to feel power tingling through her, a sparkling energy, a sense that she could reach out and mold the world. She felt as if she ought to have an aura. â€Å"Really?† â€Å"Your great-grandmother Elspeth was one of the Harmans, the Hearth-Women, the line that came from Hellewise. Elspeth's older sister Edgith became a big witch leader.† How could Gillian have ever thought she was ordinary, less than ordinary? You couldn't argue with facts like these. She was from a line of important witches. She was part of an ancient tradition. She was special. She felt very, very powerful. That night, her father called. He wanted to know if she was okay, and to let her know he loved her. All Gillian wanted to know was whether he'd be home for Christmas. â€Å"Of course I'll be home. I love you.† â€Å"Love you.† But she wasn't happy when she hung up. (Angel, we've got to figure things out. Is there a spell I should do on him?) (I'll think about it.) The next morning she sailed into school cheerfully and looked around for someone who would talk. She spotted the cropped red head of J.Z. the Model and waved hello. â€Å"What's up, J.Z.?† J.Z. turned hazy blue-green eyes on her and fell into step. â€Å"Did you hear about Tanya?† Gillian's heart skipped a beat. â€Å"No,† she said, with perfect truth. â€Å"She's got some awful rash or infection or something. Like poison ivy. They say it's driving her crazy.† As always, J.Z. spoke slowly and with an almost vacant air. But Gillian thought there was a gleam of satisfaction under the blank look. She shot J.Z. a sharp glance. â€Å"Well, that's too bad.† â€Å"Sure is,† J.Z. murmured, smiling absently. â€Å"I sure hope nobody else catches it.† She was hoping to hear something about Kim. But J.Z. just said, â€Å"Well, at least we know David won't.† Then she wandered off. (Angel, that girl doesn't like Tanya.) (A lot of people don't like Tanya.) (It's weird. I used to think being popular meant everybody likes you. Now I think it's more like everybody's afraid not to like you.) (Right. Let them hate you as long as they fear you. But, you see, you've done a public service, putting Tanya out of commission.) In biology class, Gillian found out that Kim was absent and had canceled gymnastics practice for the day. She had something' like strep throat and couldn't even talk. Nobody seemed heartbroken over this, either. (Being popular means everybody's glad when something bad happens to you.) (It's a dog-eat-dog world, kid.) Angel chuckled. Gillian smiled. She had protected David. It gave her a wonderful feeling to be able to protect him, to take care of him. Not that she exactly approved of what he'd done. Buying an English paper and turning it in as your own-that was pretty bad. Not just wrong, but petty somehow. (But I think he was sorry. I think that was maybe one of the things he was saying he wasn't proud of. And maybe there's some way he can make up for it. Like if he wrote another paper and turned it in, and explained to Ms. Renquist. Don't you think, Angel?) (Hm? Oh, sure. Good idea.) (Because sometimes being sorry isn't enough, you know? You've got to do something. Angel? Angel?) (I'm here. Just thinking about your next class. And your powers and things. Did you know there's a spell to bring in money?) (There is? Now, that's really interesting. I mean, I don't care about money money, but I'd really love a car†¦) That night Gillian lay in bed, head propped on pillows, legs curled under a throw, and thought about how lucky she was. Angel seemed to be gone for the moment; she could neither see him nor hear his voice. But it was Angel she was thinking about. He had brought her so much-and he'd brought her himself, which she sometimes thought was the greatest gift of all. What other girl could have two gorgeous guys without being unfaithful to either of them, or making either of them jealous? What other girl could have two great loves at once, without doing wrong? Because that was how she'd come to think of Angel. As a great love. He wasn't a pillar of light to her anymore, or a terrifyingly beautiful apparition with a voice like silver fire. He was almost like an ordinary guy, only impossibly handsome, devastatingly witty, and incidentally supernatural. Since learning she was supernatural herself, Gillian felt he was somehow more accessible. And he understood her. Nobody had ever known her, or could ever know her, the way he did. He knew all her deepest secrets and most carefully hidden fears-and he still loved her. The love was obvious every time he spoke to her, every time he appeared and looked at her with those startling eyes. I'm in love with him, too, Gillian thought. She felt quite calm about it. It was different from the way she loved David. In a way, it was more powerful, because nobody could ever be as close to her as Angel was-but there was no physical aspect to it. Angel was a part of her on a level nothing human could touch. Their relationship was separate from the human world. It was unique. â€Å"Tie me kangaroo down, mate!† A light was appearing beside the bed. â€Å"Where've you been, Australia?† â€Å"Checking on Tanya and Kim the Gym, actually. Tanya's bandaged from shoulder to fingers and she's not thinking about writing anything. Kim's sucking a popsicle and moaning. Inaudibly.† â€Å"Good.† Gillian felt a triumphant glow. Which was wrong, of course; she shouldn't enjoy other people's pain. But she couldn't hide it from Angel-and those girls deserved it. They would be sorry, sorry, sorry they had ever tangled with Gillian Lennox. â€Å"But we've got to work out a more permanent solution,† she said. â€Å"And figure things out about my parents.† â€Å"I'm working on all of it.† Angel was gazing at her with a kind of dreamy intentness. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Nothing. Just looking at you. You look particularly beautiful tonight, which is absurd considering you're wearing flannel pajamas with bears on them.† Gillian felt a quick sweet throb. She looked down. â€Å"These are cats. But the bears are my favorite, actually.† She looked back up and grinned wickedly. â€Å"I'll bet I could start a little bears fashion at school. You can do anything with enough guts.† â€Å"You can do anything, that's for sure. Sweet dreams, beautiful.† â€Å"Silly. Stop it.† Gillian waved a hand at him. But she was still blushing when she lay down and shut her eyes. She felt absurdly happy and complimented. And beautiful. And powerful. And special. â€Å"Hear about Tanya?† Amanda the Cheerleader said at lunch break the next day. She and Gillian were in the girls' bathroom. Gillian eyed herself in the mirror. A touch with the comb†¦ perfect. And maybe a little more lipstick. She was doing the glamour thing today. Dark, mesmerizing eyes and bold, laughing red mouth. Or maybe she should pout instead of laugh. She pursed her lips at herself and said absently, â€Å"Old news.† â€Å"No, I mean the new stuff. She's got complications, apparently.† Gillian stopped applying lipstick. â€Å"What kind of complications?† â€Å"I don't know. Fever, I think. And her whole arm's turning purple.† (Angel? Purple?) (Well, I'd say more mauve myself. Relax, kid. Fever's a natural side effect of a bad rash. Just like poison ivy.) (But-) (Look at Amanda. She's not too upset.) (No, 'cause she probably knows Tanya was messing with her boyfriend. Or she has some other reason not to like her. But, I mean, I don't want Tanya really hurt.) (Don't you? Be honest.) (Well, I mean, not really, really hurt, you know? Medium hurt. That's all.) (I don't think she's going to drop dead this minute.) Angel said it patiently. (Okay. Good.) Gillian felt a little embarrassed for making a big deal-and at the same time she had a fleeting impulse to go check on Tanya herself. But the impulse was easily quashed. Tanya was getting what she deserved. It was only a rash. How bad could that be? Besides, Angel was looking after things. And she trusted Angel. She added the last dab of lipstick and smiled at herself in the mirror. Definitely she was one hot witch. In sixth period, messengers brought candy canes that people had ordered last week from the Vocal Jazz Club. You could send the candy canes, which came with a ribbon and a note, to anyone you wanted. Gillian got a pile so large that everyone laughed, and Seth Pyles ran over and snapped a picture of it for the yearbook. After school David came and rummaged through the pile, looking at the messages and shaking his fist, pretending to be jealous. It was a very good day. â€Å"Happy?† Angel asked that afternoon. David's mother had recruited him for heavy-duty Christmas housecleaning, so Gillian was alone in her bedroom-which meant it was just her and Angel. She was folding socks and humming her favorite carol, â€Å"O Come All Ye Faithful.† â€Å"Can't you tell?† â€Å"Not with all that noise you're making. Are you really happy?† She looked up. â€Å"Of course I am. I mean, except for the stuff with my parents, I'm totally happy.† â€Å"And being popular is all you expected it to be.† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gillian paused in bewilderment. â€Å"It's-it's a little different from what I expected. It's not the be-all and the end-all I'd have thought. But then I'm different from what I thought.† â€Å"You're a witch. And you want more than just candy canes and parties.† She looked at him curiously. â€Å"What are you trying to say? That I should do some more spells?† â€Å"I'm saying that there's more to being a witch than doing spells. I can show you, if you trust me.†

The Afren Plc Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Learning Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Learning Theories - Essay Example Learning Theories Learning involves various aspects, including motivation, environment, attitudes of learners, and other factors (Ryan, Cooper & Tauer, 2010). In order to promote learning, teachers should look into the different aspects that affect learning. As a teacher, I see to it that learners are well motivated, the environment is conducive for learning, students are relaxed and comfortable, and they receive enough time to rehearse and apply the concepts or skills learned. Putting all these considerations together, I would say that I combine three approaches to learning. These approaches include behaviorism, constructivism, and cognitivism. However, I lay more emphasis on behaviorism because it guides me in my classroom management. There cannot be any learning if a classroom is not managed. Classroom management is one aspect that a behaviorist teacher focuses on. Students have different personalities but when they come to school, they act in uniformity according to the policies and regulations set by the school and its teachers. Establishing classroom rules is thus the first step to a well-managed classroom. Teachers should make it a point to establish rules at the beginning of the year and have them posted. In particular, classroom rules may be memorized by students and recited as part of routines. Rules may be posted on the bulletin board to remind students of their responsibility. In terms of assignments, it is best to make contracts for parents or guardians to sign. There should be an assignment notebook where students will write all their assignments. The teacher signs the assignment page, whether it was completed or not, and students will ask their parents to countersign the page so as to monitor students’ effort in doing their assignments. Practicing routines is another beneficial aspect of the behaviorist classroom. Routines help to make students become organized individuals. Students who learn routines in school will learn to keep a routine at home and eventually, in their professional field. With routines, performance and processes will be perfected. As part of everyday routine, students should greet the teacher and their classmates, check attendance by counting off (each should be assigned a class number), recite classroom rules, and report current news. The re porting of current events should be done in turns, based on the class number. These routine activities are supposed to prepare students for the day ahead, and to condition them to behave the way they should in school. Setting the mood of students is a must in the behaviorist classroom. In every lesson, the teacher should always give students some idea on what to expect for the day. This gets the students in the mood for activities, games, etc. For example, if the teacher says, â€Å"Today, we will play a game.† The students will know how to behave or react, and they will respond accordingly to the situation. If some serious activities need to be accomplished, then the teacher could say, â€Å"

Cancer Alley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cancer Alley - Essay Example According to Gale (2006), â€Å"in 2002 Louisiana had the second-highest death rate from cancer in the United States. Although the national average is 206 deaths per 100,000, Louisiana's rate is 237.3 deaths per 100,000† (Gale, 2006, par. 2). In another website, the CajunCrawfishPie.com, the question was evaluated and responded to by indicating that â€Å"several scientific studies have been conducted which claim that the rate of cancer in the region is actually lower than the national average. According to the Cato Institute, cancer alley is an environmental myth. Many scientists have also declared that if there are any higher rates of illnesses within cancer alley, they are likely due to the high rates of people that smoke tobacco. Local residents and environmental activists have claimed that the few scientific studies that have been conducted in the region have been faulty due to sloppy record keeping by the state† (CajunCrawfishPie.com, 2008, par. 3). With the contr asting information, there is a need to seek other researches to determine the validity of the contentions.

Write a summary of a report on trade theory and tarifs for a team of Essay

Write a summary of a report on trade theory and tarifs for a team of newly hired International Managers. What are the important points you would highlight in this report - Essay Example rights on a global scale, through the WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) and the recent significant agreements that have been signed under the WIPO’s umbrella. Similarly, it is also important to realize the influences of the latest multilateral trade negotiations that have occurred such as the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights System) Agreement’s accession with the aspect of Intellectual Property (World Trade Organization). By doing so, one can derive the combined advantages of the practicalities of Intellectual Property Right Systems and the TRIPS agreement. The last aspect that holds immeasurable importance in the regard of the subject at hand is the telecommunication regime that is becoming increasingly directed by the evolution of Information Technology on a global scale. All these aspects come to together to have direct affects upon areas such as international air transport and global trade, the structural characteristics of the airline industry alongside the implementation of public policies and the involvement of the International Civil Aviation Organization in this regard. The discussion however would not be complete without an understanding of the framework that the General Agreement on Trade in Services provides under the flag of the World Trade

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example This essay will judge Obama's speech according to the principles of rhetoric – ethos, pathos, logos and mythos – to show that a speech with no apparent political motive (motive as distinct from purpose) can still be worthy of rhetorical study. Ethos, the (usually introductory) part of speech which convinces the audience of the speaker's moral authority on the subject to be addressed, has been under debate for at least hundreds of years: the question is whether ethos can be established before the speech, if a speaker's moral character, if known to the audience, has some effect on the audience's reception to what they say (Hyde, ix). The debate is purely academic, however, because Obama's position as President of the United States means that he will generally be accepted as an authority wherever he chooses to speak. At the time, his great interest in the reformation of healthcare and health insurance made his appearance in front of the ANA even more relevant. Obama's etho s is, as always, evident in three parts. Firstly, his casual announcement of somewhat specious facts – â€Å"it is an honor to speak to the ANA, representing more than three million registered nurses across the country† – present phronesis, as do his declaration of personal experience with nurses (which I will discuss under pathos). However, this is jeopardized slightly by his obvious lack of specialized knowledge on nursing. Moral excellence, or arete, is mostly to be discerned from the President's work previous to this speech, but is also reinforced in the large middle section which discusses his recent achievements in the field of health insurance, in which the Democratic party and progressive Americans are portrayed as a force of good against the â€Å"abusive† insurance industry. Eunoia is a powerful force in this speech, as Obama begins with personally thanking a member of the audience and congratulating her mother on her daughter's achievements; he continues with a joke (â€Å"I don't break promises to nurses because you never know when I'm going to need a shot†), which was received with laughter by the audience. He humanizes himself by talking about himself as fallible during the birth of one daughter and the serious childhood illness of another. The speech is peppered with individuals, and Obama's thanks for these people; the ending note is one of praise for the strong women and men who endure â€Å"tough †¦ stressful †¦ exhausting and †¦ thankless† jobs to help sick people. The audience is very much brought over to Obama's side by his goodwill and even flattery. This brings me to the second aspect of rhetoric: pathos. I see great evidence of pathos in Obama's speech – his appeals to emotion are frequent and often personal, as evident in many of his public appearances (Coop, 41). The video clip of the speech shows his great passion for less discrimination in healthcare, and his words cont ribute to this emotion. The stories of Obama's family – one daughter's birth and another's bout of meningitis as a three-month-old – are calculated to flatter every member of the union for being a nurse, not to thank the small number of nurses who attended to his family in times of need. Obama refers to the nurses who