Benefits of prison Essay

There are a variety of crimes committed in the United States daily. Felonies and misdemeanors are examples of crimes committed. â€Å"Felonies, such as murder and armed robbery, are punishable by death or prison terms longer than one year. Misdemeanors are lesser offenses, such as too many unpaid parking tickets, and are punishable by fines, jail terms of less than a year, and/or community service† (Blue/Naden, 2001, p. 13). When people commit crimes, they are labeled criminals. If caught committing a crime, the criminal is placed in prison. The length of time the criminal spends in prison depends on the type of crime committed and the severity of the crime. The debate over the number of prisons, the length of prison terms and even the need for prison has become a hot topic in the past few years. Yet, no matter the issues facing prisons and prisoners today, placing criminals in prison benefits society as a whole. Placing criminals in prison teaches personal responsibility. Each person is responsible for any actions committed on their part. Individuals who commit crimes and then pay for those crimes learn that there is a price to pay for not following the rules set by society. â€Å"†¦the whole governmental structure of force and threat – police, judges, and prisons – is a key means by which society restrains aggression and crime† (Bender/ Leone, 1995, p. 71). Society laws are in place for the protection of all people living in that society. Paying for crimes committed by going to prison leads to a personal realization that no one is above the law. Of course, most people are born with personal responsibility. â€Å"†¦it is the internal inhibition that society builds into each person’s character, the inner voice (call it reason, conscience, superego, what you will) that makes the social contract an integral part of our deepest selves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bender/Leone, 1995, p. 71). When individuals lose that internal inhibition is when places, like prison, become necessary. Some critics have called prison â€Å"government sanctioned oppression† (Bender/Leone, 1995 p. 69). Prisons are used against those who exercise their rights as members of a democratic society. They are used to punish the less desirable members of society, teaching individuals who do not conform to regret decisions based on the freedoms of this country. In other words, people should be able to do whatever they want to whomever they choose with no consequences. When personal responsibility is not present the result is anarchy. A democratic society cannot exist without some balance and some laws to govern behavior. â€Å"Crime is always a challenge to the prevailing normative order and a test of the values and commitments of law-abiding people† (Blue/Naden, 2001, p. 8) Placing criminals in prison benefits society by making communities safer. Depending on the community, the amount and type of crime differs. Poor areas experience more crimes, statistically, but no community is safe from criminals. No matter where the crime occurs the people living in that community are affected. To know that where you live and raise your children is not safe, affects every part of daily living. Victims of crimes are affected emotionally and in some cases physically. Knowing that the criminal is behind bars makes the victims, families, friends and the community feel safer. They can walk through their neighborhoods and sleep in their homes without fear of some stranger attacking them. A safer community equals overall peace and tranquility. The only way communities can stay safe is to put criminals behind bars. It has been proven that prisons make a difference for one importance reason: while in prison, criminals are not committing crimes. â€Å"The best way to reduce crime is to identify, prosecute, and incarcerate hard-core criminals. Study after study shows that a relatively small portion of the population is responsible for the lion’s share of criminal violence in this country. For example, one California study found that 3. 8 percent of a group of more than 236,000 men born in 1956 were responsible for 55. 5 percent of all serious felonies committed by the study group† (Bender/Leone, 1995, p. 100). Incarceration or prison is the answer to safer communities and a safer country. It has been argued that criminals are born in poor and violent communities. People commit crimes because they have no other viable choices. They break laws to feed themselves and their families; they break laws because they have been taught that they are worthless. Criminals have argued that they had no choice. This argument is not rational. The number of law abiding citizens living in poor and violent communities outweigh those who commit crimes. Criminals use their environment as an excuse to do what they want to do when they want to do it. Individuals blame society for their crimes and/or the victim so they can indulge their whims and seek further opportunities to commit crimes (Bender/Leone, 1995, p. 44). There is no excuse for breaking the law. Criminals choose to break the law and choose to blame their situations on others because of their choices. Another benefit of prison is the prison work programs. The prison work program gives jobs to prisoners and supports the economy. Prisons can help pay for their upkeep through their work programs, thus removing some of the burden of prison cost from taxpayers (Wagner, 2001, p. 28). Working will give prisoners something industrious to do and will influence good behavior. There must be a concentrated effort on the part of prisons and those outside prison walls to make prison work programs more effective. The effort will result in productive prisoners and more manageable prisoners who gain skills necessary for life after prison (Wagner, 2001, p. 29). Prison work programs have not been effectively established because of the negative images of prisoners. Prisoners are criminals who have committed crimes and are not fit to live in society. People outside prison walls do want to use prison made products and/or don’t believe prisoners deserve to create items for mass use. Yet, the cost to run prisons is increasing and the number of prisons being built around the United States is increasing yearly. In order to meet the need and make prisons productive, work programs are a practical option. â€Å"If one in four prisoners could be put to work for private enterprise†¦taxpayer costs would fall by $2. 4 billon per year† (Wagner, 2001, p. 28). The economy and citizens would benefit from a prison system that has limited self-support. The prison rehabilitation program is another benefit of placing criminals behind bars. Unfortunately, there is always going to be someone who feels they can live outside the limits of the law. For this reason, prisons will always be in use. The rehabilitation program teaches prisoners skills and gives them other options instead of crime. â€Å"People in the United States were optimistic that rehabilitation would be the answer to the rising crime rate. Work programs, in-jail therapy sessions, indeterminate sentences and halfway houses eased the return to a law-abiding life† (Blue/Naden, 2001, p. 20). Once released from prison, the criminal has an opportunity to become a productive member of society and find a job. The ability to support self and family will instill a sense of self-worth. The goal of prison rehabilitation is to promote a change in prisoners and instill a desire to become a productive member of society. Since a crime-free society is a thing of dreams, reality must involve solutions to the crime problem. Critics of rehabilitation programs have caused the support of such programs to decrease but it has been proven that rehabilitation works (Blue/Naden, 2001, p. 39). Every criminal is different, their personal history and situation is different and the circumstance surrounding their crime is different but with the right incentive, the right support and the right rehabilitation, success is possible. The most important benefit of placing criminals in prison is justice for the victim. When a person is a victim of a crime, they are violated. It doesn’t matter if the crime falls into the category of a felony or a misdemeanor, victims have been dishonored. Once justice has been served, victims are vindicated. They know that the criminal is paying a price for the harm done to them and that has been set right. Victims deserve to have their case heard and then hear a verdict that is fair and right, giving them a chance to rise above what has been done to them. Justice does not erase the crime but it makes living with the results a lot easier. Prisons are necessary and beneficial to the U. S. Prisons are needed in a society where crime is rising and thoughtless acts of violence are becoming second nature. Individuals who commit crimes cannot continue to live in society, running amuck and destroying lives of law-abiding citizens. Prisons benefit society as a whole by instilling personal responsibility in criminals, making communities safe, impacting the economy favorably, creating a work ethic through the prison work and rehabilitation programs and providing justice for the victims. Prison were created to house law breakers but in turn, criminals can learn to better themselves, change their lives for the better and make a lasting difference for themselves and their families while society is protected. Prisons are here to the advantage of law-abiding citizens and law breakers. Overall, both sides benefit in a win-win situation. REFERENCES Bender, David and Leone, Bruno, Editors. (1995). Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. California: Greenhaven Press, Inc. Blue, Rose and Naden, Corrine J. (2001). Punishment and Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Wagner, Michele, Editor. (2001). How Should Prisons Treat Inmates. California: Greenhaven Press, Inc.

Fast Food Industry Essay

â€Å"Fast food † this term was recognized in dictionary by Merriam-web star in year 1951 mostly we need small capital requirement to start a fast – food restaurant; small individually owned fast – food restaurant have become common throughout the world. Franchises are the part of restaurant chains which operations is to provide standardize food stuffs to the different locations for examples Pizza Hut, KFC, McDonald, Dunkin Donets, and many others. For starting any fast food business the capital requirement are relatively low than any other business. That is the reason all over the world individually owned fast food restaurant are increasing. The term fast food is use for which can be prepared and served quickly than other meal, minimum preparation time is considered for fast food, generally this term refers to food sale in restaurants and stores with low time preparation and served to customers in form of packaged for take away / takeout. This research was conduct to find out the factors for customer satisfaction. The feeling of pleasure and disappointment is known as Satisfaction. If the product was not satisfied person feelings then it will be dissatisfied, and if product satisfied person feelings after the use they will be satisfied. Customer is the key role in any business, without any customer it’s difficult to do business, and that the fact it’s the necessary work closely with your customer. Because customer can also create your business. Business runs though customer, without the customer there is no business. Satisfaction is an individual feeling of pleasure or the disappointment, if their expectation level meets, their level of satisfaction also increasing but if not then disappointment comes. Customer satisfaction is very important for every organization; either they are service sector or the private sector. It’s not every time to satisfy your customer. Since there are so many customers using products. And every customers uses it differently, take it differently, and speak it differently. The most dangerous part for any organization is word of mouth. You can’t stop every person’s mouth, even if you give your best of best, they still argue on your products which are not good for some time. Some customers likes your product and after use they speak good words for the product. But some use your product, and speak wrong word of mouth for the product. MAJOR PLAYERS. There are certain main players of fast food industries. Which are as follows. 1. McDonald corporation 2. Burger king 3. Wendy’s/Arby’s group 4. Starbucks corporation 5. Pizza hut 6. Dominos corporation 7. Yum! Brands, Inc 8. Popeye’s SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: 1. Quick Service: – one of the biggest strengths of fast food is that it provides quick service. The biggest advantage of this is that it saves a lot of time. And in this modern world time is money hence quick service is the biggest strength. 2. Affordable: – Usually fast food is priced at a very affordable rate which starts from rupees 2. Though the prices are low in the fast food industry, the quantity is more and hence value for money. 3. Attraction: – The advertisements of fast food are very flashy and appealing especially to the youth and the younger generation. One of the most important people in the buying decision are the kids who are influenced by ads on TV who in turn influence their parents. Hence it boosts the sales. Weakness: Different Preferences: – India is a land of diversity. People in India have different preferences and taste. The fast food industry cannot cater to all the tastes and preferences of people. For e. g. some people eat Non – Veg and some don’t eat non – veg, thus creating a problem. Such problems have risen at KFC and McDonalds. Another difference in preference can be seen in the choice of the type of food. Some people prefer South Indian while some prefer North Indian. So a south Indian joint selling masala dosa , cannot start selling chole nature as per customers’ preference. 1. Lack of customization: – Fast food is usually pre-made and pre-packed and not fresh from the oven. So once the dish is made it cannot be altered according to the customer’s choice or preference. For e. g. a McDonalds burger is prepared much before the customer purchases it and he has to buy it as it is. Even if the customer wants the burger without onion or cheese still he has to purchase it due to lack of customization. 2. Unhygienic and unhealthy: – Most of the times though being tasty the oil content in fast food is very high. Hence people are now moving away from fast food. The fast food prepared is also unhygienic especially at the road side joints. Hence these are considered weaknesses to the fast food industry. Opportunities: 1. Growing nuclear families: – nowadays it is said to be the age of fast food. Parents and kids especially prefer fast food due to its quick service and for it’s satisfying appetite at affordable prices. This is a growing opportunity for the industry because families nowadays prefer eating out, rather than cooking at home. 2. Urban lifestyle: – The growth story of India is not limited to metro cities. Now it has also found its way into some rural areas and some semi – urban cities. Fast food joints are not a thing of big cities now. People in cities and towns are now having additional incomes in their pockets. Eating out now is a normal thing for the homely people in the semi urban areas. Threats: 1. Oppositions from various organizations: – Due to the various preferences in the food some opposition is received by the fast food industry. As reported in the papers organizations like PETA are opposing the use of beef fat in the items of McDonalds. There was also a huge hullabaloo when Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was being introduced to India. This is a major threat to the fast food industry. 2. Location: – One of the major threats in India is from the location point of view. Fast food joints can’t be opened in certain locations even though there might be evidence of major consumer demand in the area. For e. g. A Hindu dominated area might pose a threat to joints serving beef related products since the cow is considered sacred to them. 3. Ready- to-eat: – Nowadays ready to eat products are more in demand in the market owing to the fact that consumers have to take minimum trouble in preparation out of which the results are healthy food, rich nutritional value, easy on pockets and higher value for money as compared to the foods available in a fast food joint. 4. Health Concerns: – Due to the low quality ingredients used in the majority of local fast food joints, the sanitation and the hygiene factors which are mostly not maintained, have given cause to various medical and other health related organizations and certain NGO’s who have taken it up to voice these issues and bring it to the attention of the general public. Thus directing the attention of the public to change the tastes to foods that are more hygienic and safe. Here canned foodstuffs stand to gain advantages. LITRETURE REVIEW. Customer Satisfaction: According to Zairi (2000) the feeling of pleasure and expectation fulfillment is known Satisfaction. If the product will not satisfied customer feelings they will be dissatisfied. and if product satisfied them after the use customer will be satisfied and become loyal to that product or brand. In other words customer satisfaction is goods or services which fulfill the customer expectation in terms of quality and service for which fulfill the customer satisfaction in terms of quality and services for which he paid. If customer satisfaction develops they will become loyal to that product and brand or their loyalty will be good for the company in the sense as a profit. Customer satisfaction is the part of marketing and play important , because if your customer is satisfied with your services or products, your position will be good in the market. Oliver (1981) describe in his study that customer satisfaction is the part of marketing and play important role in the market. In any organization satisfaction of customer is more important, because if your customer is satisfied with your services or products. Your position will be good in the market. In old times customers satisfaction was not too much important and people were not focused on the quality. But now a days competition is taught and customer is aware of all the products and companies due to education and learning environment and this is the reason that every business is concern to fulfill properly customers need and wants. Concerning all types of business organization customer satisfaction is the most important issue, and considered as most reliable feedback, for the excellence of any business organization (T .W . , 2001). Veloutsou (2005) describes in his study regarding customer satisfaction tangible products and services, there is a distinction . The distinction between tangible and intangible goods becomes coz different factors of customers satisfaction, and that is why they should be treated separate and distinct. Churcill (1982) customer satisfaction has overall reaction of expectation of consumption with a product or service on the base of perception, evaluation and psychological reaction. According to Kottler. (2000) satisfaction is the sum of attributes of products and services. Kurniawan (2010) customer satisfaction can change over the period of time, it is a dynamic process. The individual’s perception about the product’s or service’s performance leads to customer satisfaction Tat, Sook-Min , Ai-Chin, Rasli , & Hamid, (2011). Determinants of customer satisfaction: Huang (2011) promotions is different form of activities for attracting and getting attention of customer to purchase the product and services through personal selling and public relations, sales promotions and advertising. According to kurniawan (2010) promotion of product or services helps in the best way to builds relationship with customers, because everyone is looking for the best suitable deal for them. Athanasspoulos (2000) describe that customers want to see for what they are looking for. Myers (1998) promotion is reducing the feeling of guilt which is associated with the use of different product and service which result to customer satisfaction. Schefter (2000) another common factor which is useful for device customer satisfaction is website. Website is the advanced way use for the promotion, to aware the customer and satisfied them with offering vast array of functions and feature. Before making choice of product offering, potential customer has opportunity through website to make a detailed comparison Khatibi (2007). When information like discounted products travels in the public, could increase the level of customer satisfaction Kandampully (2002). Takeuchi (1983) quality is standard of something which consumer measure against the other different things; quality can be measured by giving grade, merit, attributes etc to the products and services. Consumer cannot differentiate between quality and its requirements. Service quality is evaluated when the out customer compare his/her perception and expectation of service delivery Gronroos (1984) By recognized the need of measures of service quality many researchers most often use service quality to measure customer satisfaction Zeithami (1985). For evaluating and estimating various dimension of service quality is the instrument accepted as standard Kurniawan (2010). Zeithami (1985) it is a scale with multiple items goods validity and reliability, many researchers use this instrument to understand and find the service expectation and consumer perception for improving the service quality. The expectation of the customer is important factor. The more service quality near to customer expectation more satisfaction and vice a versa Ayse Ozfer Ozcelik (1998). Customer satisfaction is reflected when he recognized the quality. While using the web, the (user interface) web is service and customer is user. They surf the internet retrieve the information and share the information when interact over the internet with others. The quality of internet service plays a greater role than service quality providing to the customers in other sectors, like hotel and hospital Kurniawan (2010). Schwager (2007) describe in his study that in the new millennium providing customers a unique experience is major key to capture the market and their heart and mind. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction is the consequences of customers consumption or experiences of services or expectation. Kurniawan (2010) Branding is one of the factor which has been identified repeatedly customer selection in selected product. Branding has impact on purchase decision of customers. The more a brand is succeeded in their earlier period the more value for its brand can be generated. Kuaniawan (2010) company formal introduction is today is branding. Brand is a set of guidelines or promise in customers mind. Brand is a product which adds other dimensions some way to differentiate it from other product Boukili (2008). Brand helps the customers the product and how he describe the company to others, opportunities can avail by branding. Branding by the American marketing association as a â€Å"Name†, sign, symbol or combination of them to identify and to differentiate the goods and services and seller, or from their competitors† . Lim (2010) customers ultimate satisfaction may have significant affect of atmosphere. Physical surroundings are helpful to create image in the mind of customer and to influence their behavior. Physical atmosphere of restaurant have the significant impact on the customer satisfaction. Lightning, furnishing, sent, music and different other atmospheric factors among them influence on customer satisfaction. Skinders(2009) there are millions of product in the world having different prices. Pricing a product is difficult thing to do. Prices are set according to the value of the product. Price from marketing mix Han (2009) state that one of the most flexible element that change quickly. In the literature of Khan (2011) marketing the most important factor indicated the customer satisfaction is price. Because the most of the customer estimate the value of the product or obtain service through price. Lim (2010) for the customer it is not necessary that a better quality can be better taste, If customer like the taste of food he/she will be willing to pay for it. Based on previous researches, in customer satisfaction and taste, there is a significant correlation found between them. Researchers found good taste of food have positive influence on customer satisfaction and it also increase the customer retention rate which is also depends on customers satisfaction. Therefore, restaurant focus on the taste of the food and services that has influences on customers satisfaction. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Figure 1 influence show the theoretical framework of the study. There are two variables discussed in this study, i. e. independent and dependent variables. Customers satisfaction on fast food industry showing dependency on promotion, service quality, customer expectation, Brand, Physical Environment, Price and Taste of the product. Independent VariablesDependent Variable.

Incomplete related Literature Essay

According to Aquino (2005), importance of computer application is increasing day by day. Nowadays we can’t stop the innovation, technology help us from living. â€Å"Lacks of enrollment system in schools can lead to chaos ant troubles† as stated by Ace Adrian (2011). Students will be confused on what they should do to be able to enroll that is why such systems is extremely useful in the way that it retrieving vital information of the students. Without it can lead difficulty both the administration of school and student in enrollment processes. Many countries nowadays, especially the developing nations are challenged by the rapid technological changes. This has radically changed the living and working styles of the entire society. This transformation has been driven partly by rapid technological innovation. In the 20th century saw the rise of the industrial revolution with steam-powered machines intensifying and expanding human productive power, the 21st century was characterized by the birth of machine-powered flight and the human creativity even more made possible new ways by which humans could live and work together( Victoria L. Tinio, 2002) . Transformation of manual enrollment to a automated and now into web based automation is one example of what has driven partly by rapid technological innovation. Technology innovation had influenced man’s work from data processing, business transaction, research planning and monitoring. Web applications are popular due to ubiquity of its application. Significant advantage of building a web application to support a standard browser feature is the ability to perform as specified, regardless of the operating system installed on a given client (Bacala & Reanno, 2009). A web- bases enrollment system has featured that meet most of academic institution system’s needs and requirements. This includes standardized modules for students registration, enrollment, grade management and payment that are necessary to operate a school.

An overview of the conflict resolution theory Essay

Conflict Resolution Theory In conflict resolution, preconceived notions, also called the natural cognitive sorting processes, are the stimuli that unwittingly foment war. By taking a look at individual and intergroup relations, one can better grasp conflict resolution as a way of mediation which may lessen the probabilities of the outbreak of political violence. This essay takes a close examination of the effect of individual-level models of change to inspire change at the social level. The scaling up the process from individual treatment to social has its strengths and weakness. Controlled communication, sensitivity training, Freud’s hydraulic model, complex mirroring and conscious raising psychotherapy are experimented means in conflict resolution to dissolve conflict at both individual and general levels. The natural cognitive sorting mechanism of dividing people into ‘us’ and ‘them’ engenders prejudice and in the long run, political violence. This perspective is typical to The Self and The Other concept in which people and groups are constructed to exclude the other or any entity that is perceived as foreign and to include the self or other entities affiliated to the self. â€Å"Protracted social conflicts typically involve an enduring set of antagonistic perceptions and interactions between communal groups†¦negative attributions of motivations and reciprocal negative images perpetuate the antagonisms and solidify the conflict† (Fisher 1997). This concept breeds the antagonization of groups which turns one group against the other, deepening rifts and sharpening rivalry. Since this type of social cognitive process emphasizes differences between ‘us’ and ‘them,’ an elitism can arise which advantages one group over the othe r and fosters an unhealthy intergroup competition and mutual exclusion. With mutual degradation and demonized motives, each group continues to not only drift apart but rub against each other in a frictional relationship to produce an aggression fire. At the national level, us and them dichotomy leads to jingoism which is a chauvinistic form of nationalism. This ideology promotes the suppression of one and the superiority of a people. Fanatical patriotism and the prejudiced belief propose that another party must suffer in the power imbalance. (Paris 2004) agrees that â€Å"exclusionary forms of nationalism also make enemies of excluded groups.† In other words, one nation categorizes, segregates and disadvantages another. As a consequence, the excluded party harbors resentment toward the opposing group. Resentment begets tension-filled relations, which beget mistrust. The polarizing effect of the ‘us’ and ‘them’ construct leads inevitably to suspicion and in a competitive environment, to perceived inequalities. Inequalities result in the categorization of an oppressed and an oppressor, the victimized and the victimizer. At a particular point, one group arrives at a breaking point, demanding the redr ess of wrongs whether real or perceived and an equalizing of the playing field. (Fisher 1997) also recognizes that some â€Å"conflicts arise when identity groups perceive that they are oppressed and victimized through a denial of recognition, security, equity and political participation.† Imbalances of power stimulate one group to react or even retaliate – hence hostilities erupt. It was a wave of nationalism which provokes WWII in which the Aryan Germans attempt to purge Germany of ‘unwanted elements’ for the sake of the country. Similarly, in the case of Rwanda and other countries, ethnic cleansing or genocide take place because of inequality and a false sense of nationalism. Sorting out the Natural Cognitive Processes To arrive at conflict resolution, one must broach the theme of altering intergroup perceptions. This method is an individual-to-social strategy in which with a third party intervention, both groups can mutually exchange opinions and feelings. John Burton pioneers and implements a â€Å"casework approach,† a term used in social work to explain the methods implemented to solve an in individual or group problem. Controlled communication signifies a way to forge effective communication habits. Burton asserts that the source of conflict is miscommunication and the source of miscommunication is distorted worldviews or perceptions of the other. In practicing controlled communication, groups can share their prejudices and biases in a setting that diffuses anger and sets a more amicable tone for talks would help improve relations. Also, Leonard Doob advocates sensitivity training which progresses the transition from individual-level change to collective change. He puts forward that a s mall representative group ventilates their perceptions, opinions, and concerns to create awareness and better grasping of group processes. The sensitivity training workshop is similar to a psychological therapy conducted by a third party. Ideas and feelings are shared to increase interpersonal effectiveness. (Toft 2010) declares that giving voice to former combatants is a mechanism in conflict resolution to craft negotiation settlements in which â€Å"renewed violence can be averted.† This rule follows the sensitivity training theory which enhances sympathy and increases chances at understanding and positive change. In Sigmund Freud’s group processes theory, he posits that the group’s way of thinking is spawned directly from the individual’s. In Freud’s hydraulic model, the principle is that just as it is dangerous to suppress feelings for fear of compounding them for a more violent eruption, so at the social level, it is risky to continually inhibit ill-feeling by conflict resolution (Strachey 1966); instead, venting would help diffuse tensions and instead of internalizing the resentment, the person finds relief in expression. In his work â€Å"Give War a Chance† (Luttwak 1999) examines the effect of peacekeeping which only temporarily resolves the issue by satisfying parties. However, he advocates war as the means of reaching a more definitive and longer lasting conflict resolution. Complex Mirroring Complex mirroring within the group setting is a way in which the individual change scalps up to the group level change. In remedying traumatized individuals, the victims join themselves to a group and begin to mirror one another’s feelings and experiences. A critic notices that â€Å"by listening to one another’s individual presentation of personal experiences, participants gain a new perspective†¦by listening to the series of such descriptions, they gained the experience of universality† (Herman 1997). As a result, the individual-level change dynamic transmutes into the group-level change. As one witness the effect of trauma, the support group experiences secondary trauma as wounded members relate their experiences and seek emotional support. The incidence of secondary trauma gives rise to empowerment and awareness. Kathie Sarachild formulated the conscious-raising psychotherapy structures specifically for the individual but which could be used â€Å"to ef fect social rather than individual change† (Herman 1997). This method was implemented for rape-victims who were silenced by the violence and trauma inflicted by another. In the scope of social change, political violence is a grave injustice inflicted by one and visited upon the other. A remedial path is a sensitization rather than retaining the silence over the injury. As the public’s consciousness heightens, a cure has to be suggested and taken. The beneficial result is that â€Å"changes at the individual level were being linked with policy processes at the macro level† (Fisher 1997). Conflict Resolution Strengths and Weaknesses In conflict resolution, a strength of the individual to group model application is that groups comprise a conglomerate body in which individual mirroring gradually filters into the group’s ethics. The reasoning is that a group is comprised of individuals and since a group is made up of individuals, then a method aimed at effecting change in an individual can also be applied to the group. However, this method does not factor in the wide diversity of the individuals belonging to a group. One rigid rule utilized for one individual cannot work for a group because this view only facilitates the one-size-fits-all theory which is not socially viable.    References: Fisher, R.J. (1997). Interactive Conflict Resolution, Syracuse University Press, New York. Herman, J.L. (1997). Trauma and Recovery. Basic Books Publishers, New York. Anonymous. (1996). Human Rights in Peace Negotiations, Human Rights Quarterly,18(2), 249- 258. Luttwak, E. (1999).   Give War a Chance, Journal of Foreign Affairs, 78 (4), 36-44 . Accessed 14 December 2011. Strachey, J. (1966). The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, Vol. 22, Toft, M.D. (2010). Ending Civil Wars: A Case for Rebel Victory, Journal of International Security, 34 (2), 7-36. Paris, R. (2004). At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge University Press.

An Analysis of Modern Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

An Analysis of Modern Theatre - Essay Example The fluidity that the position offered gave a lot of scope for thinkers like McGrath and Bakhtin. Both these thinkers looked upon the conventions of theatre that privileged a catharsis inducing performance of a play as detrimental to the political fabric of modern democracies. They were thus, according to them, outdated. The principles of tragedy and theatre in general, which pointed to catharsis, a mixture of pity and fear that prevented praxis on the part of the spectator and led him to look at the play as nothing but a fiction could not, or should not be applied to modern theatre, according to these thinkers. This is not to say that theatre in modern times have or have not adhered to these principles. While there have been adaptations of plays that do not seek to do anything but glorify imperial assumptions of race and class, there have also been ones that are political and seek to challenge the very assumptions that the earlier plays held. It is surprising that many of such plays began through a reversal of earlier roles as they were seen. One can look at the play A Tempest and understand its political implications through the reversal of the traditional roles of Caliban and Prospero. The heroic role is played by Caliban who is a monster in William Shakespeare’s version (Cesaire, 2002). This reversal of roles comes at the back of many changes that took place in theatre during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries when the ideals that Aristotle had laid down for theatre had been completely demolished. Even naturalist ideas that had dominated theatre for a while had been pulled down and new fluid conventions were erected in their place. Importance started to be given to the common man who then became the protagonist in many important plays. One of the most important examples of this can be seen in Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, where the protagonist, Willy Loman is a common salesman whose death forms the major part of the story (Miller, 2007). This needs to be looked at in conjunction with the theories that were propounded by John McGrath. In his book, he says, You go into a space, and some other people use certain devices to tell you a story. Because they have power over you, in a real sense, while you are there, they make a choice, with political implications, as to which story to tell - and how to tell it. If their work is good and skillfully written, presented and acted, we come out feeling exhilarated: we are more alive for seeing it, more aware of the possibilities of the human race, more fully human ourselves.

UK Food Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

UK Food Industry - Essay Example Obesity can be fuelled by excessive consumption of high-fat food, genetic predisposition, and lack of physical exercise. However, several parties play a role in causing obesity in a certain population. For instance, both the government and business firms determine what type of food the population eats, any unhealthy food with high fat and sugar content will definitely cause obesity (Parkin & Boyd, 2011). This paper seeks to expound on the childhood obesity in the United Kingdom, with a close analysis on the food industry’s corporate social responsibility, focusing on MacDonald restaurants and the role they have played in combating childhood obesity. In the UK, obesity has been declared a crisis since its population is gradually turning obese. For example, a research conducted in 2007 revealed that nearly 25% of all adults were obese. The figure steadily increased in 2012 with 37% of all adults in the UK being obese. This trend seems to escalate so quickly that it is estimated that by 2025 nearly 40% of Britons will be obese with the Body Mass Index greater than 30kg/M ². The figure is even reaching Biblical proportions by 2050 with the speculations of obesity affecting 60% of adult men and 50% of adult females (ParliÅ„ska, A, & Rembielak, 2014). The Foresight Report of 2007 exposed causes of obesity among the UK’s population. These causes were broadly categorized into four groups, the social influences that entail individual habits and psychology, the activity environment focusing of individual’s physical activity practices, biology which basically means the genetic predisposition to obesity and food environment that sums up all types of food consumed as well as their caloric and fat content. Each of these factors plays a role in causing obesity in the UK but the most adamant one is the food environment. Obesity easily becomes a crisis because it is associated with other medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis etc.

Personl Wealth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Personl Wealth - Essay Example > Creating personal wealth is not necessarily a complex process if one establishes the primary objectives like future personal commitments and desired retirement benefits. Thereafter, it is important to identify suitable financial vehicles that align current and future market factors with the expected outcomes besides evaluating the risk accompanying each investment opportunity. I feel that the easiest way to generate personal wealth that can take care of my retirement needs would be to invest a percentage (say 5%-10%) of my monthly salary in an reputed and long-running pension fund that has a good track record of performance. Otherwise, it is also useful to invest a part of monthly income in long-term certificates of deposit (CDs) that offer a stable return during the investment period. Direct investment in low-risk bonds or equity markets is also possible although this would demand extensive knowledge of the relevant markets. The option of investing in real estate must also be cons idered. Investing in this sector is relatively simple, straightforward and perhaps most practical n terms of building some personal wealth. While real estate markets do have their own inherent risks (like the recent housing market crash due to the financial crisis in the United States), (include author) argues that the market has the best capability to appreciate over the years and yield good returns over the years. As mentioned earlier, investing personal savings in the financial markets is more risky and requires active involvement of the investor through trading, purchasing options to hedge the risk etc., which require knowledge and experience to generate results besides resulting in further expenditures (broker commissions, minimum margins etc.). The best way to invest in these markets is to obtain the services of a brokerage firm that has a good history of providing positive, stable and cost-effective returns to its customers. Project Resources 1. Bold (2009). The Bold Truth Ab out Investing: Ten Commandments for Building Personal Wealth. New York: Ten Speed Press. Mutual Funds expert, Adam Bold, discusses a ten step approach to personal finance that help both experienced and novice investors understand the financial markets and take effective stock of their investments. This book is focused primarily on investing in mutual funds. 2. Hallman (2009). Private Wealth Management: The Complete Reference for the Personal Financial Planner. Chicago: McGraw Hill. This book discusses various strategies and techniques associated with personal finance that deal with some of the latest challenges facing investors. Chapters on cash flow analysis, interest accumulation, common & alternative investments and asset protection plan shed simple but important insights into some of the areas the beginner investors must understand in order to realize profitable returns. 3. Horan (2008). Private Wealth: Wealth Management in Practice. Chicago: John Wiley. Developed by the CFA ins titute, this book provides latest information on asset allocation, taxation, lifecycle modeling and investment management for small investors. This book considers various human parameters that allow investors to devise customized investment plans and strategies. 4. Reuvid (2006). Handbook of personal wealth management. New York: Kogan Page. This book targets high net-worth individuals who seek to maximize returns from their wealth and advises them about personal and commercial investment products. Besides discussing many such